Terms & Conditions
Thank you for visiting our site. These terms and conditions of use are applicable to the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico websites (“collectively the Web Site”) operated by VWR (the “Company”). If you are accessing the Web Site from outside the United States, Canada, or Puerto Rico, please see the appropriate international website, available at www.vwr.com, for applicable terms and conditions. All users of the Web Site are subject to the following website terms and conditions of use (these “Terms of Use”). Please read these Terms of Use carefully before accessing or using any part of the Web Site. By accessing or using the Web Site, you agree that you have read, understand and agree to be bound by these Terms of Use, as amended from time to time, as well as the Company Privacy Policy, which is hereby incorporated into these Terms of Use. If you do not wish to agree to these Terms of Use, do not access or use any part of the Web Site.
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Site Use
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Purchase of Products and Services
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Interactive Features
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Special note about Community Feature Content
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Links to Third Party Sites
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Proprietary Rights to Content
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Trademarks
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Disclaimer of Liability
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Applicable Law; International Use
These terms will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, without regard to any principles of conflicts of law. You agree that any action at law or in equity that arises out of or relates to these Terms and Conditions of Use will be filed exclusively in the state or federal courts located in Pennsylvania and you hereby consent and submit to the personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purposes of litigating any such action.
These Terms and Conditions of Use are applicable to users in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. If you are accessing the Web Site from outside the United States, Canada, or Puerto Rico, please see the appropriate international website, available at www.vwr.com, for applicable terms and conditions. If you elect to access this Web Site from outside of the specified jurisdictions rather than use the available international sites, you agree to these Terms and Conditions of Use and that such terms will be governed and construed with the laws of the United States and the State of Pennsylvania and that we make no representation that the materials or services on this Web Site are appropriate or available for use in those other jurisdictions. In any event, all users are responsible for their own compliance with local laws.
General Terms
These Terms and Conditions of Use, as they may be amended from time to time, constitute the entire agreement and understanding between you and us governing your use of the Web Site. Our failure to exercise or enforce any right or provision of the Terms and Conditions of Use shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. If any provision of the Terms and Conditions of Use is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, you nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties' intentions as reflected in the provision, and the other provisions of the Terms and Conditions of Use shall remain in full force and effect. Neither a course of dealing or conduct between you and the Company nor any trade practices shall be deemed to modify these Terms and Conditions of Use. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of the Site or the Terms and Conditions of Use must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by and for the Company. We may terminate your access, or suspend any user's access to all or part of the Site, without notice, for any conduct that we, in our sole discretion, believe is in violation of any applicable law or is harmful to the interests of another user, a third-party provider, a service provider, or us. Any inquiries concerning these Terms and Conditions of Use should be directed to solutions@vwr.com.
Copyright Complaints
We respect the intellectual property of others, and we ask our users to do the same. If you believe that your work has been copied and is accessible on the Site in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, you may notify us by providing our copyright agent the following information:
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Our agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement on the Site can be reached at: solutions@vwr.com.
FAQs
What is recombinant murine IFN-γ? ›
Recombinant Murine IFN-γ is a 15.6 kDa protein containing 134 amino acid residues. Purity: ≥ 98% by SDS-PAGE gel and HPLC analyses. Biological Activity: Determined by its ability to inhibit the proliferation of murine WEHI-279 cells.
Does human IFN work in mice? ›Human IFN-γ does not show cross-reactivity with mouse. Recombinant mouse IFN-γ is a non-glycosylated protein, containing 134 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15.6 kDa. Products are for research use only. They are not intended for human, animal, or diagnostic applications.
What cell types produce IFN gamma? ›IFN-γ is produced by activated NK cells [1], CD4+ Th1 cells [2] and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells [3] and is a critical component of the cell-mediated immune response to intracellular pathogens and tumors (reviewed in [4]).
What does IFNG mean? ›Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine critical to both innate and adaptive immunity, and functions as the primary activator of macrophages, in addition to stimulating natural killer cells and neutrophils.
What is recombinant interferon used to treat? ›(ree-KOM-bih-nunt in-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh …) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C.
What is IFN-gamma used to treat? ›Interferon gamma-1b injection is used to reduce the frequency and severity of serious infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease (an inherited immune system disease). It is also used to slow down worsening of their condition in people with severe, malignant osteopetrosis (an inherited bone disease).
Why do researchers use mice instead of humans? ›The mouse has many similarities to humans in terms of anatomy, physiology and genetics. The mouse genome is very similar to our own, making mouse genetic research particularly useful for the study of human diseases. Mice are cost effective because they are cheap and easy to look after. Adult mice multiply quickly.
Does IFN-gamma activate T cells? ›Under both circumstances, IFN-γ influences tumor cells directly and indirectly, by activation of immune cells. The antitumor effects comprise the development, recruitment, and activation of innate immune cells as well as the activation and maintenance of effector T cells.
Why are mice used for human testing? ›Mice fill a special and important role in medical research. Like humans, mice are mammals, and their bodies undergo many similar processes, such as ageing, and have similar immune responses to infection and disease. Their hormone (endocrine) systems are a lot like ours, too.
What stimulates IFN-gamma production? ›IFN-γ is produced predominantly by natural killer cells (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT) as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops as part of the adaptive immune response.
What are the major producers of IFN-gamma? ›
IFN-γ is known to be predominantly produced by lymphoid cells such as certain subsets of T cells, NK cells, and other group 1 innate lymphoid cells.
What induces IFN-gamma production? ›IL‐12 is a cytokine secreted primarily by activated macrophages ( 2, 86, 87–88). It induces IFN‐γ production by NK cells and Th1 cells, while IL‐12 production itself is induced by IFN‐γ ( 89). IL‐12 also primes naive T cells (Thp) to differentiate along the Th1 pathway ( 90, 91, 92, 93–94).
How does IFNG induce cell death? ›Downstream events of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway have been explored. IFN-α causes the activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways culminating in apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent death pathway and involving the activation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak.
Is interferon like chemo? ›Interferon-alfa2b is different than a chemotherapy drug; it is actually a natural part of your body's immune system. It is known as a cytokine, which are chemicals normally secreted by cells called leukocytes in response to a virus, bacteria, or other foreign intruders.
How does IFNG affect T cells? ›IFNγ favors Th1 cell differentiation of CD4 T cells, and inhibits Th2 cell differentiation, apparently through down-regulation of the IFNγR on Th1 cells, which protects them from the suppressive effects of IFNγ; whereas Th2 cells continue to express the receptor, and are suppressed by the cytokine (9, 10).
What disease is interferon used to cure? ›Interferon alfa-2b injection is used to treat hepatitis B and C, lymphoma (lymph node cancer), malignant melanoma (skin cancer), genital warts, hairy cell leukemia (blood cell cancer), and Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-related tumor).
Which interferon is used in COVID-19? ›A total of 1,941 patients with risk factors for severe COVID-19 were randomized to receive either a single subcutaneous injection of pegylated interferon lambda 180 mcg or placebo. Eighty-three percent of these patients had received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine.
What diseases are treated using recombinant protein therapies? ›Recombinant proteins used in the clinic include recombinant hormones, interferons, interleukins, growth factors, tumor necrosis factors, blood clotting factors, thrombolytic drugs, and enzymes for treating major diseases such as diabetes, dwarfism, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebral apoplexy, ...
Is IFN-gamma anti inflammatory? ›Abstract. Interferon γ (IFN-γ) induces an inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death.
What does IFN-gamma do in inflammation? ›Production of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in response to infection is a hallmark of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to the pivotal role of IFNgamma in host defense, its excessive release has been associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Does IFN-gamma cause inflammation? ›
IFN-gamma has long been recognized as a signature proinflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Why only female mice are used? ›For him, the new findings make a strong scientific case for using female mice in experiments. “The fact that female behavior is more reliable suggests that including females might actually decrease the overall variability in your data under many circumstances,” Datta said.
How much DNA do humans share with mice? ›On average, the protein-coding regions of the mouse and human genomes are 85 percent identical; some genes are 99 percent identical while others are only 60 percent identical. These regions are evolutionarily conserved because they are required for function.
Did humans come from mice? ›Humans and mice derive from a common mammalian ancestor but have evolved independently in distinct biospheres over ~90 million years. This evolutionary process is responsible for the similarities between humans and mice that enable biomedical research and for the differences that must be transcended.
Does IFN-gamma cause apoptosis? ›IFN-γ acts as a cytotoxic cytokine together with granzyme B and perforin to initiate apoptosis in tumor cells [9, 10], but also enables the synthesis of immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), thus stimulating other immune-suppressive mechanisms [11,12,13].
Why is IFN-gamma important? ›IFN-γ has been shown to be important to the function and maturation of multiple immune cells. IFN-γ is essential for Th1 immune responses and regulates T cell differentiation, activation, expansion, homeostasis, and survival. Killing of intracellular pathogens requires IFN-γ production by T cells.
Which cells respond to IFN? ›Upon induction in the innate immune response, IFN-I triggers the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which upregulate the effector function of immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells) toward successful resolution of infections.
Why is testing on mice bad? ›Research methods may also cause drug trials to fail
To fully replicate complex diseases in mice, researchers would have to know exactly which genes are mutated in humans and make these same mutations to a mouse's genome.
Most vaccines have been evaluated at one point in small rodents, most likely mice. Mice have the advantage of being readily available at a low cost, they are easy to handle, they have defined genetic backgrounds, and their immune functions are well characterized.
What limitations exist in using mice as models for humans? ›However, despite their genetic similarity to humans, mouse models are criticized for their failure to accurately mimic human disease phenotypes.
Does IFN-gamma affect tumor cells? ›
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has long been praised as an important effector molecule of anti-tumor immunity, capable of suppressing tumor growth through various mechanisms.
How do you increase interferon gamma? ›As opposed to endurance training, moderate exercise can enhance IFN-gamma production. This was the case in a clinical trial on 16 healthy men [55]. Sun exposure promotes nitric oxide release, which in turn can increase interferon-gamma levels, as seen in a clinical trial on 24 healthy volunteers [56].
What is deficiency of IFN-gamma? ›IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency leads to severe mycobacterial infections, with a high rate of mortality early in life. Although HSCT should theoretically correct the disease, results have been disappointing, with few exceptions.
Where is interferon gamma found? ›IFN-γ is primarily known to be produced by T helper cell type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes, CD8 lymphocytes, B cells, NKT cells, and antigen-presenting cells (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells).
What is the trade name for interferon gamma? ›ACTIMMUNE® (Interferon gamma-1b)
Where is IFN found? ›NK cells are the major source of IFN-γ whereas all cell types can produce IFNs-α and IFN-β. Type I IFNs are produced however predominantly by dendritic cells but also by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells.
Does IFN-gamma activate b cells? ›Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) exerts a broad spectrum of activities which affect the responses of mature B-cells. It strongly inhibits B-cell activation, acts as a B-cell growth factor (BCGF), and also induces final differentiation to immunoglobulin (Ig) production.
Do natural killer cells produce IFN-gamma? ›Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune response by producing interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) as well as exhibiting cytotoxic function.
What is the difference between IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma? ›Abstract. There are three types of interferons (IFN), alpha, beta and gamma. IFN-alpha is produced in the leukocytes infected with virus, while IFN-beta is from fibroblasts infected with virus. IFN-gamma is induced by the stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes with antigen or non-sensitized lymphocytes with mitogens.
What happens when interferon attaches to a cell? ›Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus's multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them.
What triggers an infected cell produce interferons? ›
a | Infected cells of the vertebrate body produce type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection and/or contact with viral products. Feedback of type I IFNs onto infected and bystander cells leads to the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which function to block the viral replication cycle.
Why is interferon being discontinued? ›Merck announced the permanent discontinuation of Intron A (interfereon alfa-2b). — Intron A is being discontinued due to business reasons and is not due to any safety, efficacy or quality reasons. — Intron A powder for injection is expected to be discontinued on or near March 2022.
Which interferon destroys tumor? ›MAK cells were shown to exert antitumor activity by killing tumor cells and inhibiting their proliferation. These activities were enhanced by activation with IFN-γ and addition of antitumor antibodies. TNF-α was one of the mediators used by MAK cells to inhibit tumor proliferation.
Who should not take interferon? ›Ribavirin may cause harm to an unborn baby or death. Women must avoid pregnancy while they or their male partners are using ribavirin. Ribavirin may cause a blood disorder (hemolytic anemia), which can worsen heart disease.
What cells does IFN-gamma activate? ›IFN-γ from CD4+ T cells activates monocytes and microglia in the CNS. Increased expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules may be needed for continued activation of CD4+ T cells.
Does COVID cause T-cell apoptosis? ›Both early and late apoptotic cells in B and T lymphocytes were increased in all patients with COVID-19 (p < . 05). Early apoptotic (EA) B and T lymphocytes were also higher in severe cases compared to mild cases (p = .
What type of T-cell produces gamma interferon? ›IFN-γ is a glycosylated protein of 25 kDa that is produced by NK cells and by type 1 CD4 and CD8 T cells (immune IFN). Although IFN-γ induces antiviral activity, it is structurally unrelated to IFN-α/β and uses a distinct receptor.
What are the different types of IFN-gamma? ›The expression of IFN-γ is induced by the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type I IFN. IFN-γ is the only Type II interferon and it is serologically distinct from Type I interferons; it is acid-labile, while the type I variants are acid-stable. IFN-γ has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties.
What is recombinant human interferon gamma 1b? ›Interferon gamma-1b is a form of recombinant human interferon used to treat infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease and to slow the progression of severe malignant osteopetrosis. Human Interferon gamma-1b (140 residues), produced from E. coli.
What is the role of IFN-gamma in COVID? ›IFNγ treatment stimulated NK cell proliferation and function and increased their number in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and infected lungs, keeping viral clearance intact. It significantly reduced the number of T cells and NKT cells in the lungs during the inflammatory phase following infection [45].
What type of interferon is IFN-gamma? ›
Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is a cytokine that plays an important role in inducing and modulating an array of immune responses.
Is IFN-gamma pro inflammatory or anti inflammatory? ›IFN-γ is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in Th1-driven immune responses.
What is the other name for interferon gamma? ›Interferon gamma-1b is sold under the brand name Actimmune. Actimmune is an antiviral used to prevent serious infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease and to used slow the progression of malignant osteopetrosis.
Is interferon gamma approved by FDA? ›In the body, cells in the immune system make interferon gamma. ACTIMMUNE® (Interferon gamma-1b) is approved by the FDA to delay time to disease progression in patients with severe malignant osteopetrosis (SMO).
What does interferon gamma do in tumor? ›Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has long been praised as an important effector molecule of anti-tumor immunity, capable of suppressing tumor growth through various mechanisms.
Is IFN-gamma antiviral? ›Interferon (IFN)-gamma, is not only a marker of T(H)1 CD4, CD8 and natural killer (NK) cells, it is also a critical antiviral mediator which is central to the elimination of viruses from the CNS.
What effect does IFN have on viruses? ›Interferons (IFNs) — the body's first line of antiviral defence — are cytokines that are secreted by host cells in response to virus infection. By inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, several of which have antiviral functions, IFNs block virus replication at many levels.
Where does interferon gamma come from? ›Interferon-gamma is secreted predominantly by activated lymphocytes such as CD4 T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells (23–26), γδ T cells (27–33), and natural killer (NK) cells (34, 35) and, to a less extent, by natural killer T cells (NKT), B cells (36–39), and professional antigen-presenting cells ( ...